Chemistry of Air, Precipitation & Streamwater

A key component of our program is long-term monitoring of the chemistry of our environment. Our monitoring allows us to understand the dynamics pollution produced in industrial processes, especially pollution from the burning of fossil fuels such as coal and gasoline. Our program includes several methods that cover a broad range of pollutants.

Data

Archived Data

Precipitation Chemistry

We collect precipitation chemistry data with an instrument that uses a sensor that causes a cover to open, revealing a clean bucket when precipitation occurs and closes when the precipitation ceases. The instrument collects rain, snow and ice. Samples are collected after every event and analyzed at the Cary Institute for pH and a suite of other constituents that are important for understanding our atmosphere. This is our longest data record; we have continuous data from 1983 to present.

Air Chemistry

Our air quality is monitored with a system similar to that used by the Clean Air Status and Trends Network (CASTNET). We collect air samples with low-volume filter packs, which allow us to monitor particles and gases that are important components of acid deposition. We also monitor ammonia concentration as part of the National Atmospheric Deposition Program (NADP), Ammonia Monitoring Network. In addition, we monitor ground-level ozone, a key component of smog, in partnership with the New York State Department of Conservation. Our filter pack data and ozone data are from 1988 to present and our ammonia data are from 2009 to present.

Streamwater Chemistry

Our stream monitoring program is a long-term data collection program that allows us to understand local as well as regional changes in the environment feeding our stream. The program began in 1985 and is the longest continuous chemistry dataset about the quality of streamwater in our region. Our program includes monthly grab samples collected at 2 sites on the East Branch of Wappinger Creek on the Cary Institute property. Stream samples are collected at the end of every month at low flow and are analyzed in our analytical lab for a suite of constituents that are important to ecosystem function. Additionally, we collect continuous temperature, stage height and specific conductance data at 15-minute intervals at one of the 2 sites.

About Our Stream

The stream is a tributary to the main branch of Wappinger Creek, which flows into the Hudson River at Wappingers Falls. The creek as it passes through the Cary Institute property is a relatively clean, unimpaired forest stream. It harbors reproducing populations of brown trout as well as other important native fish and is habitat for breeding birds including common merganzer and wood duck. About 1.6 km upstream from our monitoring site is the Village of Millbrook sewage treatment plant. The Village of Millbrook (population 1400) and the roads in the watershed of the stream are important sources of road salt to the stream.

ANNUAL WET DEPOSITION (kg/ha)
YEAR	H	Ca	Cl	K	Mg	Na	NH4-N	NO3-N	PO4	SO4	SO4-S	NH4-N+NO3-N	Volume_cm
1984	0.525	1.13	2.13	0.94	0.40	0.91	2.96	3.60	0.352	21.19	7.07	6.50	102.6
1985	0.741	0.72	2.34	0.18	0.24	0.75	2.31	5.05	0.203	28.30	9.45	7.24	105.0
1986	0.678	0.40	1.91	0.13	0.17	0.56	1.81	3.69	0.162	24.48	8.17	5.48	95.7
1987	0.601	0.33	1.91	0.24	0.21	0.78	1.68	3.15	0.430	20.28	6.77	4.82	99.2
1988	0.939	0.78	2.42	0.20	0.23	0.77	2.82	5.13	0.224	34.74	11.60	7.91	110.0
1989	0.674	0.59	3.58	0.39	0.22	0.93	2.07	4.08	0.218	23.98	8.00	6.12	118.0
1990	0.719	0.59	2.84	0.23	0.22	1.11	2.03	4.54	0.161	25.48	8.50	6.57	132.0
1991	0.682	0.51	1.59	0.16	0.17	0.59	2.20	4.06	0.162	24.93	8.32	6.18	108.5
1992	0.502	0.36	2.02	0.14	0.16	0.82	1.41	3.22	0.096	17.72	5.91	4.60	88.2
1993	0.565	0.52	1.95	0.17	0.21	0.88	1.46	3.35	0.043	19.26	6.43	4.81	99.5
1994	0.605	0.65	1.98	0.16	0.21	0.85	1.80	3.90	0.044	21.52	7.18	5.70	117.8
1995	0.501	0.62	2.64	0.24	0.24	1.15	1.83	3.84	0.048	18.20	6.08	5.67	106.3
1996	0.599	0.84	3.20	0.22	0.29	1.49	2.10	4.82	0.047	21.44	7.16	6.92	142.9
1997	0.488	0.67	1.64	0.17	0.19	0.74	1.72	3.27	0.030	18.20	6.07	4.99	96.2
1998	0.434	0.58	1.26	0.18	0.20	0.56	1.69	3.03	0.043	15.68	5.23	4.72	99.8
1999	0.387	0.61	2.19	0.17	0.23	1.07	1.18	2.80	0.045	13.19	4.40	3.98	105.2
2000	0.523	0.76	1.85	0.25	0.20	0.85	1.92	3.86	0.089	18.39	6.14	5.78	115.9
2001	0.327	0.52	1.10	0.12	0.13	0.46	1.26	2.43	0.036	12.74	4.25	3.69	79.7
2002	0.378	0.74	1.31	0.62	0.19	0.54	2.60	3.03	0.843	15.50	5.17	5.63	113.4
2003	0.410	0.71	2.75	0.29	0.31	1.39	1.86	3.28	0.277	14.71	4.91	5.14	139.7
2004	0.420	0.53	1.46	0.38	0.20	0.68	1.99	2.71	0.074	15.70	5.24	4.66	111.1
2005	0.369	0.65	1.96	0.16	0.25	0.96	1.74	2.70	0.028	15.14	5.06	4.42	137.1
2006	0.309	0.63	2.60	0.15	0.27	1.33	1.36	2.06	0.076	13.11	4.37	3.41	119.0
2007	0.397	0.71	1.75	0.18	0.20	0.87	1.81	2.85	0.026	15.15	5.06	4.66	120.7
2008	0.445	0.92	2.60	0.21	0.29	1.29	2.00	3.33	0.022	16.50	5.51	5.33	136.8
2009	0.252	0.71	1.76	0.17	0.18	0.89	1.19	2.24	0.029	9.17	3.06	3.43	109.1
2010	0.182	0.61	3.00	0.17	0.26	1.44	1.10	1.73	0.033	5.70	1.90	2.83	109.3
2011	0.236	0.86	2.37	0.23	0.24	1.14	2.10	2.69	0.060	9.58	3.20	4.80	164.7
2012	0.180	0.72	2.00	0.88	0.23	1.10	1.87	2.09	0.035	6.56	2.19	3.96	98.3
2013	0.197	0.66	1.37	0.22	0.19	0.75	2.26	2.13	0.074	6.60	2.20	4.39	121.7
2014	0.159	0.75	1.95	0.14	0.21	1.07	1.74	1.84	0.051	5.49	1.83	3.57	109.8
2015	0.140	0.42	1.40	0.08	0.14	0.66	1.55	1.66	0.052	3.60	1.20	3.21	103.3
2016	0.105	0.61	2.26	0.11	0.21	1.08	1.57	1.78	0.044	3.70	1.24	3.35	94.0
2017	0.098	0.63	1.85	0.15	0.20	0.85	1.98	1.81	0.081	3.60	1.20	3.79	111.8
2018	0.117	0.78	2.42	0.18	0.26	1.16	2.15	2.23	0.151	4.13	1.38	4.38	167.4
2019	0.092	0.51	1.75	0.15	0.18	0.79	1.81	1.65	0.107	2.80	0.93	3.46	118.7
2020	0.065	0.84	3.53	0.26	0.35	1.70	2.27	1.56	0.225	3.38	1.13	3.83	103.8
2021	0.125	0.99	2.09	0.30	0.26	0.99	2.62	1.99	0.235	3.98	1.33	4.62	129.7
2022	0.075	0.68	1.63	0.19	0.19	0.82	1.71	1.48	0.097	2.44	0.81	3.19	104.2
2023	0.115	0.92	1.86	0.68	0.27	0.85	2.49	2.27	0.336	4.33	1.44	4.76	156.2
2024	0.091	1.13	1.60	0.55	0.26	0.79	2.50	1.94	0.311	3.39	1.13	4.44	116.3

PRECIPITATION ANNUAL VOLUME-WEIGHTED MEAN CONCENTRATIONS (mg/L)
YEAR	H	Ca	Cl	K	Mg	Na	NH4	NH4-N	NO3	NO3-N	PO4	PO4-P	SO4
1984	0.051	0.11	0.21	0.09	0.04	0.09	0.37	0.29	1.55	0.35	0.034	0.011	2.06
1985	0.071	0.07	0.22	0.02	0.02	0.07	0.28	0.22	2.13	0.48	0.019	0.006	2.69
1986	0.071	0.04	0.20	0.01	0.02	0.06	0.24	0.19	1.71	0.39	0.017	0.006	2.56
1987	0.061	0.03	0.19	0.02	0.02	0.08	0.22	0.17	1.41	0.32	0.043	0.014	2.04
1988	0.085	0.07	0.22	0.02	0.02	0.07	0.33	0.26	2.07	0.47	0.020	0.007	3.16
1989	0.057	0.05	0.30	0.03	0.02	0.08	0.23	0.18	1.53	0.35	0.018	0.006	2.03
1990	0.054	0.04	0.22	0.02	0.02	0.08	0.20	0.15	1.52	0.34	0.012	0.004	1.93
1991	0.063	0.05	0.15	0.01	0.02	0.05	0.26	0.20	1.66	0.37	0.015	0.005	2.30
1992	0.057	0.04	0.23	0.02	0.02	0.09	0.21	0.16	1.62	0.36	0.011	0.004	2.01
1993	0.057	0.05	0.20	0.02	0.02	0.09	0.19	0.15	1.49	0.34	0.004	0.001	1.94
1994	0.051	0.05	0.17	0.01	0.02	0.07	0.20	0.15	1.47	0.33	0.004	0.001	1.83
1995	0.047	0.06	0.25	0.02	0.02	0.11	0.22	0.17	1.60	0.36	0.004	0.001	1.71
1996	0.042	0.06	0.22	0.02	0.02	0.10	0.19	0.15	1.49	0.34	0.003	0.001	1.50
1997	0.051	0.07	0.17	0.02	0.02	0.08	0.23	0.18	1.50	0.34	0.003	0.001	1.89
1998	0.043	0.06	0.13	0.02	0.02	0.06	0.22	0.17	1.35	0.30	0.004	0.001	1.57
1999	0.037	0.06	0.21	0.02	0.02	0.10	0.14	0.11	1.18	0.27	0.004	0.001	1.25
2000	0.045	0.07	0.16	0.02	0.02	0.07	0.21	0.17	1.47	0.33	0.008	0.002	1.59
2001	0.041	0.07	0.14	0.02	0.02	0.06	0.20	0.16	1.35	0.30	0.005	0.001	1.60
2002	0.033	0.07	0.12	0.05	0.02	0.05	0.30	0.23	1.18	0.27	0.067	0.022	1.37
2003	0.029	0.05	0.20	0.02	0.02	0.10	0.17	0.13	1.04	0.23	0.020	0.006	1.05
2004	0.038	0.05	0.13	0.03	0.02	0.06	0.23	0.18	1.08	0.24	0.007	0.002	1.41
2005	0.027	0.05	0.14	0.01	0.02	0.07	0.16	0.13	0.87	0.20	0.002	0.001	1.10
2006	0.026	0.05	0.22	0.01	0.02	0.11	0.15	0.11	0.76	0.17	0.006	0.002	1.10
2007	0.033	0.06	0.14	0.01	0.02	0.07	0.19	0.15	1.05	0.24	0.002	0.001	1.26
2008	0.033	0.07	0.19	0.02	0.02	0.09	0.19	0.15	1.08	0.24	0.002	0.001	1.21
2009	0.023	0.07	0.16	0.02	0.02	0.08	0.14	0.11	0.91	0.21	0.003	0.001	0.84
2010	0.017	0.06	0.27	0.02	0.02	0.13	0.13	0.10	0.70	0.16	0.003	0.001	0.52
2011	0.014	0.05	0.14	0.01	0.01	0.07	0.16	0.13	0.72	0.16	0.004	0.001	0.58
2012	0.018	0.07	0.20	0.09	0.02	0.11	0.24	0.19	0.94	0.21	0.004	0.001	0.67
2013	0.016	0.05	0.11	0.02	0.02	0.06	0.24	0.19	0.77	0.17	0.006	0.002	0.54
2014	0.014	0.07	0.18	0.01	0.02	0.10	0.20	0.16	0.74	0.17	0.005	0.002	0.50
2015	0.014	0.04	0.14	0.01	0.01	0.06	0.19	0.15	0.71	0.16	0.005	0.002	0.35
2016	0.011	0.06	0.24	0.01	0.02	0.11	0.21	0.17	0.84	0.19	0.005	0.002	0.39
2017	0.009	0.06	0.17	0.01	0.02	0.08	0.23	0.18	0.72	0.16	0.007	0.002	0.32
2018	0.007	0.05	0.14	0.01	0.02	0.07	0.17	0.13	0.59	0.13	0.009	0.003	0.25
2019	0.008	0.04	0.15	0.01	0.02	0.07	0.21	0.15	0.62	0.14	0.009	0.003	0.24
2020	0.006	0.08	0.34	0.02	0.03	0.16	0.30	0.22	0.67	0.15	0.022	0.007	0.33
2021	0.010	0.08	0.16	0.02	0.02	0.08	0.28	0.20	0.68	0.15	0.018	0.006	0.31
2022	0.007	0.07	0.16	0.02	0.02	0.08	0.22	0.16	0.63	0.14	0.009	0.003	0.23
2023	0.007	0.06	0.12	0.04	0.02	0.05	0.22	0.16	0.64	0.15	0.021	0.007	0.28
2024	0.008	0.10	0.14	0.05	0.02	0.07	0.29	0.22	0.74	0.17	0.027	0.009	0.29

1984-2024 MONTHLY AVERAGE WET DEPOSITION (kg/ha)
MONTH	H	Ca	Cl	K	Mg	Na	NH4-N	NO3-N	PO4	SO4	SO4-S	NH4-N+NO3-N	Volume_cm
1	0.020	0.03	0.19	0.01	0.01	0.10	0.05	0.17	0.003	0.55	0.18	0.22	7.78
2	0.022	0.04	0.16	0.01	0.01	0.08	0.08	0.21	0.005	0.64	0.21	0.29	7.49
3	0.026	0.06	0.22	0.02	0.02	0.11	0.13	0.24	0.007	0.90	0.30	0.37	9.09
4	0.026	0.09	0.19	0.02	0.02	0.09	0.20	0.25	0.011	1.09	0.37	0.45	8.53
5	0.036	0.09	0.16	0.06	0.03	0.06	0.30	0.30	0.029	1.55	0.52	0.59	10.01
6	0.044	0.07	0.12	0.02	0.02	0.04	0.25	0.31	0.017	1.72	0.57	0.56	9.73
7	0.069	0.09	0.13	0.02	0.02	0.04	0.30	0.43	0.015	2.61	0.87	0.73	11.64
8	0.045	0.06	0.13	0.02	0.02	0.05	0.19	0.28	0.006	1.65	0.55	0.47	10.80
9	0.029	0.04	0.20	0.04	0.02	0.09	0.15	0.20	0.022	1.09	0.36	0.35	11.68
10	0.021	0.04	0.19	0.02	0.02	0.09	0.12	0.17	0.015	0.74	0.25	0.28	10.19
11	0.018	0.03	0.19	0.01	0.01	0.09	0.07	0.16	0.004	0.59	0.20	0.23	8.76
12	0.021	0.03	0.21	0.01	0.02	0.10	0.07	0.18	0.004	0.62	0.21	0.25	9.38

PRECIPITATION 1984-2024 MONTHLY VOLUME-WEIGHTED MEAN CONCENTRATIONS (mg/L)
MONTH	H	Ca	Cl	K	Mg	Na	NH4	NH4-N	NO3	NO3-N	PO4	PO4-P	SO4
1	0.026	0.03	0.25	0.01	0.02	0.12	0.09	0.07	0.98	0.22	0.004	0.001	0.70
2	0.029	0.06	0.21	0.02	0.02	0.10	0.14	0.11	1.22	0.28	0.007	0.002	0.86
3	0.028	0.07	0.24	0.02	0.02	0.12	0.18	0.14	1.17	0.26	0.008	0.003	0.99
4	0.031	0.11	0.23	0.02	0.03	0.11	0.30	0.23	1.31	0.30	0.013	0.004	1.28
5	0.036	0.09	0.16	0.06	0.03	0.06	0.38	0.30	1.32	0.30	0.029	0.009	1.55
6	0.045	0.07	0.12	0.02	0.02	0.04	0.34	0.26	1.39	0.31	0.018	0.006	1.77
7	0.060	0.07	0.11	0.02	0.02	0.03	0.34	0.26	1.63	0.37	0.013	0.004	2.25
8	0.041	0.06	0.12	0.02	0.02	0.05	0.23	0.18	1.15	0.26	0.006	0.002	1.53
9	0.025	0.04	0.17	0.03	0.02	0.08	0.17	0.13	0.77	0.17	0.017	0.005	0.93
10	0.020	0.04	0.18	0.02	0.02	0.09	0.15	0.11	0.72	0.16	0.015	0.005	0.72
11	0.021	0.03	0.22	0.01	0.02	0.11	0.11	0.09	0.80	0.18	0.004	0.001	0.67
12	0.022	0.03	0.22	0.01	0.02	0.10	0.09	0.07	0.86	0.20	0.004	0.001	0.66

ANNUAL MEAN CONCENTRATIONS (mg/L), CONDUCTIVITY (µmho) & DISCHARGE (m^3/s) - Wappinger Creek, Fern Glen (Site 2)
YEAR	H	Ca	Cl	K	Mg	Na	NH4	NO3	PO4	SO4	SiO2	Conductivity	Q
1985	0.018	35.4	25.2	1.4	10.0	8.4	0.01	3.26	0.062	26.0	7.8	295
1986	0.016	32.3	15.8	1.2	9.2	8.0	0.02	3.06	0.066	16.4	6.6	264	0.90
1987	0.012	32.8	17.7	1.2	9.3	9.2	0.02	3.83	0.149	16.7	5.5	293	0.94
1988	0.013	31.3	18.5	1.2	8.8	9.4	0.01	3.17	0.092	16.1	5.3	268	1.14
1989	0.017	29.9	18.0	1.3	8.4	9.6	0.04	3.05	0.090	15.4	4.8	259	0.92
1990	0.009	31.0	18.0	1.2	8.7	10.0	0.02	3.33	0.073	14.5	4.9	266	1.43
1991	0.008	31.0	17.5	1.2	8.7	10.1	0.02	3.18	0.116	16.3	5.0	265
1992	0.007	33.4	20.3	1.2	9.5	11.1	0.02	3.69	0.122	13.9	4.3	287
1993	0.011	31.9	25.5	1.3	9.2	12.8	0.02	3.11	0.179	16.2	4.0	294	0.77
1994	0.011	31.9	24.0	1.1	8.6	12.6	0.01	1.92	0.068	14.1	5.6	284	1.07
1995	0.010	33.2	24.4	1.2	8.8	13.7	0.02	1.97	0.120	15.6	3.9	296	1.26
1996	0.010	30.4	25.1	0.9	7.9	13.6	0.01	1.02	0.015	13.5	3.0	274	1.22
1997	0.009	34.6	27.1	1.3	9.6	15.3	0.01	2.94	0.073	17.4	3.9	313	0.64
1998	0.009	37.2	29.8	1.2	9.9	16.6	0.01	3.52	0.142	18.4	4.3	334	0.70
1999	0.009	33.0	30.5	1.1	8.7	16.4	0.03	3.88	0.249	18.8	5.8	304	0.79
2000	0.009	32.9	28.3	1.0	8.9	16.4	0.03	2.46	0.134	13.9	5.6	304	0.90
2001	0.007	38.5	41.9	1.4	10.9	23.6	0.04	5.71	0.346	18.1	5.4	382	0.40
2002	0.008	37.9	45.6	1.3	10.2	25.1	0.01	4.05	0.348	18.9	4.8	350	0.37
2003	0.009	30.2	36.8	1.2	7.9	20.2	0.04	2.52	0.179	13.1	5.8	300	1.45
2004	0.007	33.5	37.3	1.2	9.0	21.4	0.02	2.49	0.207	13.4	5.6	334	0.71
2005	0.009	31.8	45.9	1.2	8.9	27.3	0.03	4.48	0.294	13.6	5.4	366	1.18
2006	0.007	30.4	28.0	1.0	8.1	17.7	0.01	2.29	0.119	12.2	5.1	283	0.72
2007	0.008	31.6	31.3	1.3	9.1	20.6	0.04	3.07	0.191	13.1	5.4	296	0.79
2008	0.009	31.7	34.4	1.2	8.5	21.0	0.01	2.74	0.193	12.0	5.2	291	0.78
2009	0.009	33.4	35.1	1.2	8.8	21.1	0.02	2.21	0.142	11.4	5.4	318	1.09
2010	0.010	32.0	39.1	1.4	9.2	24.3	0.02	4.33	0.263	13.3	5.3	335	0.67
2011	0.008	30.0	32.0	1.1	7.7	20.5	0.04	2.36	0.138	10.8	6.4	289	1.07
2012	0.007	31.5	26.7	1.2	8.7	19.4	0.04	2.55	0.163	10.5	6.0	290	0.55
2013	0.006	31.6	29.5	1.2	8.3	19.6	0.04	2.43	0.102	10.1	5.2	295	0.93
2014	0.007	32.9	36.1	1.2	8.7	23.3	0.02	3.87	0.161	10.0	5.1	317	1.54
2015	0.006	35.0	48.4	1.3	9.6	28.9	0.03	4.05	0.212	10.9	5.0	344	0.74
2016	0.007	35.8	50.5	1.4	10.2	31.6	0.03	5.30	0.299	12.7	3.1	397	0.37
2017	0.007	33.9	45.5	1.2	9.3	27.3	0.09	3.88	0.207	11.2	6.2	388	0.80
2018	0.009	30.0	38.0	1.1	7.9	24.4	0.08	2.47	0.119	8.8	6.3	299	0.97
2019	0.007	31.1	33.8	1.3	8.4	23.3	0.03	3.81	0.183	8.8	6.3	280	0.81
2020	0.011	31.4	37.8	1.3	8.8	26.4	0.02	4.70	0.237	9.7	6.0	338	0.56
2021	0.007	33.6	33.7	1.1	8.7	21.9	0.02	2.42	0.105	8.0	5.9	356	0.46
2022	0.008	35.5	44.0	1.4	10.0	28.7	0.03	5.17	0.220	10.2	6.0	383	0.71
2023	0.008	29.6	33.5	1.0	7.8	21.5	0.22	1.61	0.098	7.8	5.9	314	0.96
2024	0.007	31.5	27.7	1.3	8.7	20.5	0.02	2.88	0.144	7.8	5.6	308	0.89

ANNUAL MEAN CONCENTRATIONS (mg/L) & CONDUCTIVITY (µmho) - Wappinger Creek, Lowlands (Site 4)
YEAR	H	Ca	Cl	K	Mg	Na	NH4	NO3	PO4	SO4	SiO2	Conductivity
1985	0.012	36.2	25.4	1.18	8.7	11.7	0.03	3.7	0.092	23.3	6.4	305
1986	0.019	33.2	20.5	1.17	8.6	10.4	0.02	3.2	0.044	18.1	6.9	276
1987	0.012	34.1	21.8	1.11	8.7	11.5	0.02	3.6	0.094	18.4	5.9	293
1988	0.014	32.9	23.2	1.16	8.3	12.2	0.01	3.4	0.094	18.0	5.8	283
1989	0.016	31.4	23.4	1.26	7.9	12.5	0.04	3.4	0.043	17.2	5.2	280
1990	0.010	32.3	23.7	1.19	8.1	13.0	0.02	3.6	0.078	16.5	5.7	276
1991	0.009	32.3	22.4	1.13	8.1	13.0	0.02	3.4	0.056	18.2	5.5	285
1992	0.012	34.6	24.1	1.14	8.8	14.1	0.02	3.3	0.055	16.5	5.2	305
1993	0.017	33.9	31.2	1.22	8.5	15.8	0.02	2.6	0.029	17.8	5.1	316
1994	0.015	34.0	30.2	1.14	8.1	16.3	0.01	2.2	0.032	16.1	6.1	311
1995	0.014	34.6	29.3	1.11	8.3	16.2	0.02	1.9	0.037	17.0	3.4	314
1996	0.012	32.1	30.4	0.98	7.5	16.9	0.01	2.2	0.012	15.2	5.2	299
1997	0.009	35.3	31.5	1.16	8.7	17.4	0.02	2.3	0.023	17.6	4.8	321
1998	0.010	37.2	33.1	1.05	8.9	18.5	0.01	2.3	0.053	18.2	4.7	337
1999	0.010	34.3	35.4	1.01	8.0	19.2	0.02	2.3	0.100	18.6	5.7	328
2000	0.008	34.4	32.8	0.92	8.4	19.0	0.05	2.4	0.088	14.9	5.9	324
2001	0.006	39.1	42.7	1.07	9.7	23.1	0.03	3.2	0.125	17.8	6.0	377
2002	0.008	38.7	48.8	1.11	9.2	25.9	0.01	2.6	0.152	19.4	5.3	359
2003	0.008	31.8	42.1	1.11	7.4	23.2	0.03	2.6	0.115	14.4	6.2	321
2004	0.008	34.3	42.2	1.12	8.3	24.2	0.01	2.5	0.141	14.5	6.1	353
2005	0.009	32.3	47.6	1.05	7.9	27.5	0.02	3.4	0.121	14.4	6.0	369
2006	0.008	31.4	32.4	0.94	7.6	20.6	0.01	2.2	0.073	13.1	5.5	300
2007	0.009	32.3	33.9	1.11	8.3	22.2	0.03	3.0	0.162	13.5	6.0	303
2008	0.010	32.4	38.1	1.08	7.9	23.4	0.01	2.4	0.110	12.7	5.6	300
2009	0.010	34.4	39.4	1.09	8.2	24.4	0.02	2.0	0.089	12.1	6.0	334
2010	0.010	32.7	40.8	1.16	8.2	25.2	0.02	2.5	0.107	13.2	6.0	330
2011	0.010	30.9	36.0	1.05	7.2	23.6	0.05	2.3	0.085	11.4	6.8	301
2012	0.009	32.4	29.8	1.09	8.0	21.9	0.04	2.1	0.088	11.3	6.4	299
2013	0.009	32.1	33.8	1.07	7.5	22.7	0.05	2.2	0.058	11.0	5.7	307
2014	0.009	34.0	40.0	1.11	8.0	25.6	0.02	3.1	0.088	10.9	5.7	325
2015	0.009	36.0	51.6	1.16	8.7	30.3	0.03	2.7	0.096	11.5	5.4	349
2016	0.009	36.8	51.3	1.19	9.2	31.7	0.04	3.3	0.124	13.0	3.4	394
2017	0.009	35.0	50.4	1.09	8.5	29.2	0.09	2.6	0.100	11.8	6.3	400
2018	0.011	32.1	45.1	1.07	7.5	27.9	0.09	2.5	0.074	9.9	6.8	326
2019	0.009	32.4	39.6	1.14	7.8	25.7	0.03	2.9	0.088	9.6	6.7	295
2020	0.012	33.1	42.4	1.12	8.1	26.8	0.02	2.8	0.096	10.2	6.5	350
2021	0.011	35.3	43.5	1.08	8.1	27.3	0.02	2.4	0.067	9.4	6.2	392
2022	0.014	36.2	49.2	1.14	8.7	29.8	0.03	3.2	0.086	10.1	6.7	388
2023	0.013	31.8	42.1	0.97	7.3	26.7	0.23	1.5	0.068	9.1	6.7	348
2024	0.011	32.7	34.1	1.16	8.0	23.6	0.02	2.4	0.080	8.9	6.4	329

MONTHLY MEAN CONCENTRATIONS (mg/L), CONDUCTIVITY (µmho) & DISCHARGE (m^3/s) - Wappinger Creek, Fern Glen (Site 2) 1986-2024
MONTH	H	Ca	Cl	K	Mg	Na	NH4	NO3	PO4	SO4	SiO2	Conductivity	Q
1	0.011	30.4	29.6	1.1	8.1	17.3	0.03	3.8	0.093	14.6	5.8	293	1.8
2	0.011	30.5	32.4	1.0	8.2	18.5	0.05	3.5	0.090	14.2	5.2	298	1.5
3	0.011	27.5	31.6	0.9	7.3	18.0	0.02	2.3	0.055	12.9	3.7	277	1.4
4	0.007	29.6	29.1	0.9	7.8	16.7	0.02	1.5	0.054	12.2	2.9	282	1.1
5	0.008	31.7	30.6	0.9	8.5	18.1	0.02	2.1	0.129	11.5	3.9	300	0.7
6	0.008	34.6	31.9	1.1	9.5	19.4	0.02	2.9	0.196	10.8	5.2	324	0.4
7	0.008	35.0	34.6	1.3	9.8	21.4	0.02	3.6	0.261	11.3	6.1	336	0.4
8	0.007	36.2	36.4	1.5	10.0	23.0	0.02	4.8	0.363	12.6	6.8	353	0.3
9	0.008	36.8	35.1	1.6	10.3	22.6	0.04	4.7	0.289	14.1	6.3	348	0.4
10	0.008	36.1	32.3	1.7	10.2	20.2	0.03	3.6	0.210	14.8	5.5	343	0.8
11	0.010	32.4	28.0	1.4	9.0	17.2	0.04	2.7	0.120	14.5	5.5	302	0.7
12	0.011	30.3	28.2	1.1	8.2	16.7	0.06	3.2	0.095	14.9	6.1	283	1.3

MONTHLY MEAN CONCENTRATIONS (mg/L) & CONDUCTIVITY (µmho) - Wappinger Creek, Lowlands (Site 4) 1985-2024
MONTH	H	Ca	Cl	K	Mg	Na	NH4	NO3	PO4	SO4	SiO2	Conductivity
1	0.012	32.0	35.6	1.0	7.7	20.7	0.03	3.9	0.068	15.9	6.3	316
2	0.011	32.2	40.3	1.0	7.7	22.8	0.04	3.8	0.059	15.5	5.7	326
3	0.012	29.1	37.3	0.9	6.8	21.2	0.03	2.7	0.039	14.3	4.4	301
4	0.009	31.2	34.7	0.9	7.3	20.0	0.03	1.9	0.036	13.6	3.6	303
5	0.009	33.1	34.7	0.9	7.9	20.6	0.03	2.1	0.082	13.1	4.8	316
6	0.010	35.4	35.0	1.0	8.7	21.0	0.02	2.4	0.112	12.3	5.9	331
7	0.011	35.8	35.8	1.1	8.8	21.7	0.02	2.4	0.116	12.6	6.5	334
8	0.010	36.8	37.1	1.2	9.0	22.5	0.03	2.6	0.129	13.4	7.0	350
9	0.010	37.4	36.9	1.3	9.3	22.6	0.04	2.8	0.146	14.8	6.7	348
10	0.011	37.1	35.9	1.4	9.3	21.7	0.03	2.2	0.087	15.6	6.1	350
11	0.011	33.6	33.1	1.3	8.4	20.1	0.04	2.4	0.063	15.5	6.1	318
12	0.012	31.7	34.5	1.1	7.7	20.3	0.05	3.3	0.062	15.7	6.6	305

1988-2024 ANNUAL DRY DEPOSITION (kg/ha) & MEAN CONCENTRATIONS OF AEROSOLS & GASES FROM LOW-VOLUME FILTER PACKS (µg/m^3)
Year	SO2-S (kg/ha)	HNO3 (kg/ha)	NO3-N (kg/ha)	SO4-S (kg/ha)	NH4-N (kg/ha)	Total S (kg/ha)	Total N (kg/ha)	SO2 vd (cm/s)	HNO3 vd (cm/s)	Particulate vd (cm/s)	SO2 (µg/m^3)	HNO3 (µg/m^3)	NO3 (µg/m^3)	NH4 (µg/m^3)	SO4 (µg/m^3)
1988	8.03	5.26	0.04	0.70	0.54	8.39	5.70	0.37	2.39	0.12	15.29	3.09	0.56	1.90	5.70
1989	7.49	5.13	0.03	0.69	0.48	8.18	5.65	0.37	2.38	0.12	14.67	3.01	0.41	1.65	5.45
1990	7.55	4.40	0.05	0.61	0.42	8.16	4.86	0.37	2.38	0.12	14.84	2.65	0.63	1.49	4.95
1991	7.86	4.67	0.03	0.65	0.51	8.18	5.21	0.37	2.43	0.12	14.81	3.02	0.41	1.90	5.62
1992	4.43	4.17	0.03	0.53	0.41	4.96	4.61	0.37	2.38	0.12	8.60	2.52	0.44	1.45	4.38
1993	4.26	4.56	0.03	0.49	0.36	4.75	4.95	0.37	2.38	0.12	8.21	2.68	0.39	1.23	3.93
1994	4.60	4.59	0.04	0.60	0.42	5.20	5.06	0.37	2.39	0.12	9.25	2.69	0.49	1.41	4.62
1995		3.98	0.03	0.47	0.33		4.24	0.37	2.38	0.12		2.33	0.44	1.14	3.74
1996		3.75	0.03	0.51	0.36		4.14	0.36	2.37	0.11		2.16	0.44	1.21	4.02
1997	3.51	3.40	0.03	0.43	0.33	3.92	3.76	0.36	2.35	0.11	7.66	2.01	0.42	1.16	3.54
1998	4.25	3.49	0.05	0.42	0.32	4.67	3.86	0.36	2.38	0.12	7.96	2.06	0.68	1.07	3.17
1999	3.82	3.21	0.03	0.42	0.32	4.24	3.57	0.36	2.37	0.11	7.23	2.00	0.49	1.09	3.15
2000	2.67	3.58	0.04	0.44	0.33	3.07	3.72	0.37	2.39	0.12	5.28	2.14	0.51	1.16	3.67
2001	3.91	3.61	0.03	0.50	0.35	4.13	3.88	0.37	2.36	0.11	7.93	2.32	0.44	1.32	4.47
2002	3.14	3.35	0.06	0.42	0.35	3.56	3.48	0.36	2.38	0.12	6.38	1.95		1.23	3.34
2003	2.96	3.96		0.34		3.30	0.02	0.37	2.38	0.12	6.31	2.52			3.02
2004	3.52	3.03	0.05	0.38	0.30	3.89	3.38	0.37	2.38	0.12	6.84	1.75	0.62	1.01	2.91
2005	3.64	2.93	0.04	0.44	0.31	4.08	3.27	0.37	2.39	0.12	6.82	1.71	0.57	1.04	3.50
2006	2.04	2.10	0.05	0.32	0.28	2.36	2.42	0.37	2.38	0.12	3.67	1.25	0.69	0.96	2.51
2007	2.45	1.78	0.04	0.35	0.27	2.80	2.09	0.37	2.38	0.12	4.65	1.05	0.51	0.95	2.79
2008	1.95	1.89	0.03	0.30	0.22	2.24	2.15	0.36	2.37	0.11	3.75	1.10	0.47	0.78	2.38
2009	1.44	1.75	0.04	0.24	0.18	1.68	1.97	0.36	2.37	0.12	2.92	1.01	0.57	0.62	1.89
2010	0.97	1.77	0.03	0.21	0.16	1.19	1.96	0.37	2.38	0.12	1.82	1.04	0.46	0.56	1.71
2011	0.78	1.82	0.04	0.23	0.18	0.99	2.05	0.37	2.39	0.12	1.76	1.10	0.58	0.64	1.81
2012	0.42	1.67	0.03	0.15	0.12	0.57	1.83	0.37	2.38	0.12	0.85	0.97	0.48	0.44	1.25
2013	0.30	1.45	0.04	0.16	0.13	0.42	1.61	0.36	2.37	0.11	0.78	0.85	0.51	0.46	1.28
2014	0.40	1.21	0.05	0.12	0.11	0.52	1.37	0.37	2.39	0.12	0.82	0.71	0.69	0.40	0.96
2015	0.55	1.49	0.05	0.13	0.10	0.68	1.64	0.36	2.37	0.12	1.01	0.88	0.61	0.35	1.08
2016	0.33	1.22	0.03	0.08	0.06	0.41	1.31	0.38	2.46	0.12	0.69	0.83	0.41	0.24	0.72
2017	0.16	0.93	0.03	0.07	0.05	0.23	1.02	0.36	2.38	0.12	0.30	0.56	0.38	0.20	0.57
2018	0.19	1.06	0.04	0.08	0.07	0.27	1.17	0.37	2.38	0.12	0.37	0.63	0.53	0.26	0.69
2019	0.14	1.01	0.04	0.08	0.06	0.23	1.11	0.36	2.38	0.12	0.27	0.61	0.52	0.23	0.69
2020	0.09	1.07	0.03	0.08	0.06	0.16	1.17	0.36	2.36	0.11	0.16	0.65	0.46	0.21	0.63
2021	0.12	1.05	0.06	0.05	0.07	0.17	1.17	0.37	2.37	0.12	0.21	0.60	0.67	0.23	0.46
2022	0.11	0.77	0.03	0.06	0.05	0.16	0.85	0.36	2.39	0.12	0.21	0.46	0.45	0.19	0.49
2023	0.13	0.82	0.02	0.06	0.04	0.19	0.88	0.36	2.37	0.12	0.24	0.50	0.28	0.16	0.45
2024	0.07	0.69	0.02	0.05	0.04	0.12	0.75	0.36	2.34	0.11	0.14	0.46	0.36	0.14	0.45

1988-2024 MONTHLY DRY DEPOSITION (kg/ha) & MEAN CONCENTRATIONS OF AEROSOLS & GASES FROM LOW-VOLUME FILTER PACKS (µg/m^3)
Month	SO2-S (kg/ha)	HNO3 (kg/ha)	NO3-N (kg/ha)	SO4-S (kg/ha)	NH4-N (kg/ha)	Total S (kg/ha)	Total N (kg/ha)	SO2 vd (cm/s)	HNO3 vd (cm/s)	Particulate vd (cm/s)	SO2 (µg/m^3)	HNO3 (µg/m^3)	NO3 (µg/m^3)	NH4 (µg/m^3)	SO4 (µg/m^3)
1	0.31	0.14	0.00	0.01	0.01	0.31	0.15	0.25	2.01	0.08	9.80	1.18	1.06	0.74	1.99
2	0.22	0.18	0.01	0.02	0.01	0.24	0.19	0.26	2.33	0.11	7.23	1.45	0.92	0.71	2.09
3	0.18	0.27	0.01	0.03	0.02	0.21	0.28	0.31	2.67	0.13	4.88	1.75	0.68	0.73	2.26
4	0.14	0.29	0.00	0.03	0.02	0.17	0.30	0.40	2.98	0.16	3.05	1.75	0.43	0.69	2.18
5	0.16	0.32	0.00	0.04	0.02	0.20	0.34	0.47	2.87	0.15	2.83	1.90	0.30	0.80	2.63
6	0.22	0.30	0.00	0.05	0.03	0.26	0.32	0.49	2.62	0.14	3.67	2.02	0.23	1.15	3.72
7	0.22	0.29	0.00	0.05	0.04	0.25	0.30	0.47	2.44	0.13	3.91	2.05	0.14	1.46	4.39
8	0.21	0.25	0.00	0.04	0.03	0.24	0.27	0.44	2.31	0.12	3.79	1.85	0.19	1.14	3.85
9	0.15	0.17	0.00	0.02	0.02	0.17	0.18	0.41	2.19	0.11	3.06	1.41	0.33	0.82	2.53
10	0.17	0.17	0.00	0.02	0.01	0.19	0.18	0.35	2.22	0.10	3.90	1.31	0.47	0.63	1.90
11	0.19	0.13	0.00	0.01	0.01	0.20	0.13	0.28	2.03	0.08	5.79	1.12	0.62	0.60	1.64
12	0.22	0.09	0.00	0.01	0.01	0.23	0.10	0.24	1.86	0.07	7.75	0.91	0.85	0.67	1.82

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